//[header] // A simple program to demonstrate how to build and use a simple perspective projection matrix //[/header] //[compile] // Download the projmatrix.cpp, vertexdata.h and geometry.h files to the same folder. // Open a shell/terminal, and run the following command where the files are saved: // // c++ -o projmatrix projmatrix.cpp -std=c++11 -O3 // // Run with: ./projmatrix. Open the file ./out.png in Photoshop or any program // reading PPM files. //[/compile] //[ignore] // Copyright (C) 2012 www.scratchapixel.com // // This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify // it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by // the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or // (at your option) any later version. // // This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, // but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of // MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the // GNU General Public License for more details. // // You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License // along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. //[/ignore] #include <cstdio> #include <cstdlib> #include <fstream> #include "geometry.h" #include "vertexdata.h" //[comment] // Set the basic perspective projection matrix //[/comment] void setProjectionMatrix(const float &angleOfView, const float &near, const float &far, Matrix44f &M) { // do some work here float scale = 1 / tan(angleOfView * 0.5 * M_PI / 180); M[0][0] = scale; M[1][1] = scale; M[2][2] = -far / (far - near); M[3][2] = -far * near / (far - near); M[2][3] = -1; M[3][3] = 0; } //[comment] // Point-Matrix multiplication. The input point is assumed to have Cartesian // coordinates but because we will multiply this point by a 4x4 matrix we actually // assume it is a point with homogeneous coordinatess (x, y, z, w = 1). // The point-matrix results in another point with homogeneous coordinates (x', y', z', w'). // To get back to Cartesian coordinates we need to noramlized these coordinates: (x'/w', y'/w', z'/w'). //[/comment] void multPointMatrix(const Vec3f &in, Vec3f &out, const Matrix44f &M) { //out = in * Mproj; out.x = in.x * M[0][0] + in.y * M[1][0] + in.z * M[2][0] + /* in.z = 1 */ M[3][0]; out.y = in.x * M[0][1] + in.y * M[1][1] + in.z * M[2][1] + /* in.z = 1 */ M[3][1]; out.z = in.x * M[0][2] + in.y * M[1][2] + in.z * M[2][2] + /* in.z = 1 */ M[3][2]; float w = in.x * M[0][3] + in.y * M[1][3] + in.z * M[2][3] + /* in.z = 1 */ M[3][3]; // normalize if w is different than 1 (convert from homogeneous to Cartesian coordinates) if (w != 1) { out.x /= w; out.y /= w; out.z /= w; } } int main(int argc, char **argv) { uint32_t imageWidth = 512, imageHeight = 512; Matrix44f Mproj; Matrix44f worldToCamera; worldToCamera[3][1] = -10; worldToCamera[3][2] = -20; float angleOfView = 90; float near = 0.1; float far = 100; //[comment] // Set the basic perspective projection matrix //[/comment] setProjectionMatrix(angleOfView, near, far, Mproj); unsigned char *buffer = new unsigned char[imageWidth * imageHeight]; memset(buffer, 0x0, imageWidth * imageHeight); //[comment] // Loop over all points //[/comment] for (uint32_t i = 0; i < numVertices; ++i) { Vec3f vertCamera, projectedVert; //[comment] // Transform to camera space //[/comment] multPointMatrix(vertices[i], vertCamera, worldToCamera); //[comment] // Project //[/comment] multPointMatrix(vertCamera, projectedVert, Mproj); if (projectedVert.x < -1 || projectedVert.x > 1 || projectedVert.y < -1 || projectedVert.y > 1) continue; // convert to raster space and mark the position of the vertex in the image with a simple dot uint32_t x = std::min(imageWidth - 1, (uint32_t)((projectedVert.x + 1) * 0.5 * imageWidth)); uint32_t y = std::min(imageHeight - 1, (uint32_t)((1 - (projectedVert.y + 1) * 0.5) * imageHeight)); buffer[y * imageWidth + x] = 255; //std::cerr << "here sometmes" << std::endl; } // export to image std::ofstream ofs; ofs.open("./out.ppm"); ofs << "P5\n" << imageWidth << " " << imageHeight << "\n255\n"; ofs.write((char*)buffer, imageWidth * imageHeight); ofs.close(); delete [] buffer; return 0; }